What does back-end development encompass?

Back-end development encompasses database management, server configuration, and application logic, which are critical components that function behind the scenes of a website or application. It involves working with the server, ensuring that the right data is served to the front end, managing the databases where data is stored, and writing the server-side code that dictates how the application performs. This layer of development is essential for creating dynamic websites that respond to user requests and manage data efficiently.

The other options refer to aspects such as user interface design, client-side scripting, and graphic design, which are more aligned with front-end development. Front-end focuses on what users interact with directly, while back-end is dedicated to the inner workings that support these user interactions.