How does refactoring impact code performance?

Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior. This means that while the internal structure and design of the code may change to make it cleaner, more efficient, or easier to understand, the way the code operates from the outside remains the same. The functionality, output, and interface do not alter during this process, which allows developers to improve the code’s design and maintainability without introducing new bugs or altering how the software interacts with users or other systems.

This characteristic of refactoring is crucial for maintaining the integrity of applications while improving aspects such as readability, complexity, or adherence to design patterns. It provides an opportunity for optimization that may lead to performance improvements, but it does not guarantee them. The focus of refactoring is primarily on enhancing maintenance and development efficiency, rather than directly affecting performance metrics.